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- *******************************************
- * Type-1 copper (blue) proteins signature *
- *******************************************
-
- Blue or 'type-1' copper proteins are small proteins which bind a single
- copper atom and which are characterized by an intense electronic absorption
- band near 600 nm [1,2]. The most well known members of this class of proteins
- are the plant chloroplastic plastocyanins, which exchange electrons with
- cytochrome c6, and the distantly related bacterial azurins, which exchange
- electrons with cytochrome c551. This family of proteins also includes all the
- proteins listed below (references are only provided for recently determined
- sequences).
-
- - Amicyanin from bacteria such as Methylobacterium extorquens or Thiobacillus
- versutus that can grow on methylamine. Amicyanin appears to be an electron
- receptor for methylamine dehydrogenase.
- - Auracyanins A and B from Chloroflexus aurantiacus [3]. These proteins can
- donate electrons to cytochrome c-554.
- - Blue copper protein from Alcaligenes faecalis.
- - Cupredoxin (CPC) from cucumber peelings [4].
- - Cusacyanin (basic blue protein; plantacyanin, CBP) from cucumber.
- - Halocyanin from Natrobacterium pharaonis [5], a membrane associated copper-
- binding protein.
- - Pseudoazurin from Pseudomonas.
- - Rusticyanin from Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Rusticyanin is an electron
- carrier from cytochrome c-552 to the a-type oxidase [6].
- - Stellacyanin from the Japanese lacquer tree.
-
- -Allergen Ra3 from ragweed. This pollen protein is evolutionary related to
- the above proteins, but seems to have lost the ability to bind copper.
-
- Although there is an appreciable amount of divergence in the sequence of all
- these proteins, the copper ligand sites are conserved and we have developed a
- pattern which includes two of the ligands: a cysteine and a histidine.
-
- -Consensus pattern: [GA]-x(0,2)-[YSA]-x(0,1)-[VFY]-x-C-x(1,2)-[PG]-x(0,1)-H-
- x(2,4)-[MQ]
- [C and H are copper ligands]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL, except
- for allergen Ra3.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: 7.
-
- -Note: in position 5 of the pattern, only the Alcaligenes protein has a Val;
- all other proteins have either Phe or Tyr. In position 9 only CPC has Gly,
- all others have Pro.
-
- -Last update: June 1994 / Text revised.
-
- [ 1] Garret T.P.J., Clingeleffer D.J., Guss J.M., Rogers S.J., Freeman H.C.
- J. Biol. Chem. 259:2822-2825(1984).
- [ 2] Ryden L.G., Hunt L.T.
- J. Mol. Evol. 36:41-66(1993).
- [ 3] McManus J.D., Brune D.C., Han J., Sanders-Loehr J., Meyer T.E.,
- Cusanovich M.A., Tollin G., Blankenship R.E.
- J. Biol. Chem. 267:6531-6540(1992).
- [ 4] Mann K., Schaefer W., Thoenes U., Messerschmidt A., Mehrabian Z.,
- Nalbandyan R.
- FEBS Lett. 314:220-223(1992).
- [ 5] Mattar S., Scharf B., Kent S.B.H., Rodewald K., Oesterhelt D.,
- Engelhard M.
- J. Biol. Chem. 269:14939-14945(1994).
- [ 6] Yano T., Fukumori Y., Yamanaka T.
- FEBS Lett. 288:159-162(1991).
-